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Many historians date the start of the Holocaust to the riots of Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, on November
9, 1938, in which Jews were attacked and Jewish property was vandalized all across Germany. Approximately 100 Jews were killed,
and another 30,000 were sent to concentration camps, while over 7,000 Jewish shops and almost every synagogue in Germany were
damaged or destroyed.
A number of deadly pogroms by local populations occurred during the Second World War, most with Nazi encouragement, and some
spontaneously. This included the Iaşi pogrom in Romania on June 30, 1941, in which asmany as 14,000 Jews were killed
by Romanian residents and police, and the Jedwabne pogrom, in which between 380 and 1,600 Jews were killed by local Poles
in July 1941.
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